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• Modal verbs have simpler endings

Numbers

• eins 1, only used when nothing follows, otherwise ein, zwei 2, drei 3, vier 4, fu=nf 5, sechs 6, sieben 7, acht 8, neun 9, zehn 10, elf 11, zwo=lf 12.
  • um eins schwimme ich at one I swim.
  • um ein Uhr schwimme ich at one o'clock I swim.
  • ich habe eine Tochter I have one daughter.
• Germans use a 24-hour clock.

Cases

• most words other than verbs have cases: nouns, pronouns, determiners, adjectives
• nominative - subject of a sentence
• accusative - the thing or person directly receiving the action
  • der mann sieht den Ball the man sees the ball.
  • only the der masculine forms different from nominative
  • there's a group of masculine nouns ends with -e like der Junge, der Name adds an -n when in the accusative

Dative

• a group of verbs will change the receiver of the action into dative, danken, folgen, geho=ren, helfen.
  • ich danke der Frau
  • ihr helft ihm
• gehen, sein sometimes make things dative when talking about how people feel
  • meinem Kind ist schlecht my child is not feeling well.
  • den Kindern geht es gut the children are well.
• use dative after aus, mit, zu.
• say something in, hinter, zwischen.

Nouns

• all capitalized

Genders

• nouns of 3 genders with indefinite and definite articles
  • m nouns for people with -e - Mann.
  • n -chen meaning little "-let" in English - Ma=dchen girl.
  • f words for concrete things, -er - Frau, usually words ending with -e, -ung.
• verb turned nouns -> stem-ung f .
  • die Wohnung the apartment, die Reservierung the reservation, die Rechnung the bill, invoice.
• quantity can be added before the noun
  • eine Tasse Tee one cup of tea.
  • ein Glas Milch one glass of milk.
• for people, the grammatical gender generally corresponds to the person's gender.
  • Freund male friend.
  • Freundin female friend.

Plurals

• Plural forms are irregular, with patterns like nouns ending in -e always have a plural ending in -en.
  • not depend on what gender the singular form is, and all take the definite article die in nominative case
  • feminine nouns add -n usually
• gemu=se is used as a mass nouns, grammatically singular.

Compound words

• consist of 2 or more words, written as one words with no spaces in between, gender determined by the last element.
  • die Autobahn the highway
• sometimes, a connecting sound between 2 elements
  • der Orangensaft the orange juice.
  • das Hundefutter the dog food.
  • die Liebeslied love song.
  • der Tagesgericht dish of the day.

Articles

• definite articles matters
  • ich mag Brot I like bread, in general.
  • ich mag das Brot I like the bread, specific.

• generally, feminine and plural end in -e, masculine in -er, neuter in -es.
• diese Tasche is deine this bag is yours.
• die Lampen sind meine these lamps are mine.
• Hier ist einer here is one!
• Welcher Computer ist meiner which computer is mine?
• das Handy ist deines that cellphone is yours.
• der Computer is ihrer the computer is hers/theirs.
• das Handy ist seines, iheres the cellphone is his its, hers theirs.

Pronouns

Personal pronouns

• ich; du; er [iir], sie, es; wir; ihr [air]; sie.

Possessive pronoun

• different endings depend on the word they are paired with
  • meine Mutter ist hier.
  • mein Mann ist hier.

Politeness

• Sie upper case, polite you, for people you don't know well.
• Herr Mr. or Frau Mrs. can be used to show politeness
  • guten Tag.

Man one, you as in mankind, and the grammar follows er he.

• man kann hier tanzen one can dance here.
• man braucht ein Ticket one needs a ticket.

Verbs

Present Tense

• ich; du; er, sie, es; wir; sie; ihr.
  • wie, sie forms usually have the same ending
  • ihr form is "the stem same with the infinitive"-t, different from the er, sie, es form where stems change
• regular verb conjugation in present tense - identify the stem of the verb and add the ending corresponding to the grammatical personas
  • trinken{trinke, trinkst, trinkt, trinken} to drink.
  • lernen{lerne, lernst, lernt, lernen, lernt} to learn.
• irregular conjugation
  • sein{bin, bist, ist, sind} to be.
  • ko=nnen{kann, kannst, kann, ko=nnen} to be able to, can.
  • mo=gen{mag, magst, mag, mo=gen} to like, may.
• haben{habe, hast, hat, haben, habt} to have, only meaning possession.
  • ich habe Hunger, Durst, Recht, Angst I am hungry, thirsty, right, afraid.
• vowel change in forms of du; er, sie, es forms
  • lesen{lese liest, liest} to read.
  • sprechen{spreche, sprichst, spricht} to speak.
  • fahren{fahre, fa=hrst, fa=hrt, fahren, fahrt} to drive.
  • sehen{sehe, siehst, sieht} to see.
  • schlafen{schlafe, schla=fst, schla=ft} sleep.
  • isst [ist], pronounced the same as "ist".
• no continuous aspect am doing something.
• can talk about future using present tense
  • ich gehe morgen ins Theater I go to the theatre tomorrow.
• verbs like pick up or bring long, the two parts stay together as one word.
  • mein Bruder will Luftballons mitbringen bring along.
  • wer bringt den Kuchen mit who is bringing the cake along.

Past Tense

• sein{war, warst, war, waren, wart} to be.
  • ich war gestern im Theater I were yesterday at the theater -> I went to the theater yesterday.
• haben{hatte, hattest, hatte, hatten, hattet} to have.
  • hattest du Spas= did you have fun?

Adjectives

• su=s= sweet for food, cute for living beings.

Comparatives

• usually the -er ending
• one-syllable adjectives get an umlaut
• if the adj ends in -er, -el, -en drop the -e before adding -er.

The Most

• add -ste to the adjectives, or -este if the letter before is a vowel; further match with the noun's gender and case.
  • das ist der ho=chste Berg der Welt the world's highest mountain.
  • das sind die neuesten Daten the newest dates.

Adverbs

gern~e~ like the attribute of oft.

• ich gehe gern ins Theater I like to go to the theater.

Sentence structure

ich (subject) trinke (verb) oft (everything else) Tee (complement).

• the complement rest of a verb goes to the very end of the sentence
  • including the 2nd verb
  • nicht goes before the 2nd verb
• everything else goes between the verb in position 2 and the complement.
  • put the words describing when something happens right after the ver.
• ich komme auch, nicht aus Japan I also don't come from Japan.
• yes or no questions require the verb to be in front of the subject, and doesn't require the auxiliary verb "do" in German.
• flexible structure due to the case inflection.
  • das Ma=dchen hat den Apfel the girl has the apple.
  • den Apfel hat das Ma=dchen.
• the verb always has to be in position 2, if something other than the subject takes position 1, the subject will move after the verb.
  • normalerweise trinke ich Wasser.
  • ich schwimme am Montag oft I swim often on Mondays.
  • am Montag schwimme ich oft on Monday, I often swim.

Prepositions

im (in dem) used with m. and n. words; inside; used for months and seasons.

• ich bin im Theater I am inside the theater.
• im Juli, im Winter.

zum used with m. and n. words

ins (in das)

• ich gehe ins Theater I go into the theater.

am to say which day something is happening

Conjunction

• das ist *kein Mann, sondern eine Frau* this is not a man, but a woman.
• ich komme aus China, *aber ich lebe in Japan* I come from China, but I live in Japan.
  • ich komme nicht aus China, aber spreche Chinesisch.

Negation

• keine, kein not a, no; works like ein
  • das ist kein Haus that is not a house.
• nicht not.
  • das ist nicht mein Haus that is not my house.
• nein no.

Question

Yes or No Questions

• Verstehst du das do you understand this?

Wer who, inflect based on 4 cases.

• nominative
  • wer sitzt da who is sitting there?
• accusative
  • wen siehst du whom do you see?
  • ich sehe den Sohn I see the son.
• dative
  • wem hast du den Apfel gegeben to whom did you give the apple?
  • dem Mann m, dem Kind n.
• genitive
  • wessen Schuhe sind das whose shoes are these; like des "of the"?
  • das sind, die Schuhe, des Jungen

Was what.

• nominative & accusative
  • wer oder was?
  • wem oder was?
• dative: wo~r~+prep that verbs take
  • an etwas denken: woran denkt er about what is he thinking?
  • hingehen: wohin geht sie to what place is she going?
• genitive: wessen ist sie schuldig what is she guilty of?

Wo where, place, Wohin where, ask for a direction someone or something moves, can be separated.

• wo ist mein Schuh where is my shoe?
• wohin kommt dieser Wein where does this wine go?
• wo ist mein Schuh hin where did my shoe go?

Wann - when, doesn't inflect; can be used in conjunction with seit since, or bis till.

• seit wann haben Sie fu=r Herrn Mu=ller gearbeitet since when have you been working for Mr. Mu=ller?
• bis wann geht der Film till when does the movie last?

why - warum, wieso, weshalb.

• warum, wieso, weshalb ist das Auto so alt why, why, why is that car so old?